Archeogenetica en Genografie

Genografie is de jonge tak van wetenschap die onderzoek doet naar de afstammingsgeschiedenis van de mens. Genografie maakt gebruik van het DNA van mensen, anders dan taalrelaties en mysterieuze ontdekkingen zoals in andere wetenschappelijke takken. Door gebruik te maken van kleine verschillen tussen het DNA van verschillende individuen, is het in principe mogelijk een volledige stamboom op te stellen van de mensheid. In de praktijk wordt er gebruikgemaakt van twee soorten DNA, die het mogelijk maken een globale genealogie van de mensheid op te stellen op een tijdschaal van tienduizenden jaren: Voor de mannelijke lijn is dat het Y-chromosoom, dat de vader doorgeeft aan zijn zonen maar niet aan zijn dochters (en uiteindelijk dus terug te leiden valt tot de 'Y-chromosomale Adam').

Uit een Y-dna test blijkt Jan Sieroversche, geboren op 3 februari 1968 te behoren tot de in Europa vrij zeldzame Y-DNA Haplogroep G-L14. De G-L14 werd gevormd toen deze zich rond 4450 v.Chr. in Turkije aftakte van de oudere G-M406 groep en de rest van de mensheid. Deze datum is een schatting, uitsluitend gebaseerd op genetische informatie. Met een waarschijnlijkheid van 95% werd de voorouder geboren tussen de jaren 5591 en 3498 v.Chr.

In de menselijke genetica is Haplogroep G-M406 een (vaderlijke) Y-chromosoom-haplogroep. G-M406 is een tak van Haplogroep G Y-DNA (M201). De oorsprong van deze groep lag 13.000 jaar voor Christus in Anatolië. Momenteel lijkt Haplogroep G-M406 het meest voor te komen in Turkije en Griekenland. Secundaire concentraties van G-M406 worden aangetroffen in het noordelijke en oostelijke Middellandse Zeegebied, en het wordt in zeer kleine aantallen aangetroffen in meer landinwaarts gelegen gebieden van Europa, het Midden-Oosten en het zuidelijke Kaukasusgebergte. Mutaties in M406 (G2a2b1) worden gedefinieerd door de twee groepen L14/S130 (G2a2b1a1a), gevormd tussen 5880 en 2880 jaar voor Christus, en L645 (G2a2b1a1b2a), gevormd tussen 4480 en 3280 voor Christus.

Archeogenetica is de studie van oud DNA met behulp van verschillende moleculair genetische methoden en DNA-bronnen. Deze vorm van genetische analyse kan worden toegepast op menselijke, dierlijke en plantaardige exemplaren. Oud DNA kan worden geëxtraheerd uit verschillende gefossiliseerde exemplaren, waaronder botten, eierschalen en kunstmatig geconserveerde weefsels in menselijke en dierlijke exemplaren. Archeogenetica biedt ons genetisch bewijs van migraties van bevolkingsgroepen in de oudheid, domesticatiegebeurtenissen en de evolutie van planten en dieren. Het oude DNA dat wordt vergeleken met het DNA van relatief moderne genetische populaties stelt onderzoekers in staat vergelijkende onderzoeken uit te voeren. Op deze manier zijn we in staat om voorouderlijke relaties tot stand te brengen tussen moderne individuen en oud DNA.

Door het Y-DNA van Jan Sieroversche te matchen met het Y-DNA dat bekend is uit de Archeologische Databases, worden voorouders herkenbaar en kan het familieverhaal van mannelijke afstamming en migratie in beeld worden gebracht waar genealogische bronnen geen antwoorden meer kunnen leveren.

De oude DNA-haplogroep G-M406 lijkt nauw verbonden met "Runtiya", de Luwiaanse god van de jacht, die een nauwe band had met herten. Hij was een van de belangrijkste goden van de Luwiërs. De naam werd in het Luwische spijkerschrift uit de bronstijd geschreven als 𒀭𒆗𒄿𒀀 LAMMA-ya, wat gelezen kan worden als *Runtiya of *Kruntiya. In het hiëroglifische Luwian uit de ijzertijd heette hij "Runtiya" en zijn naam werd over het algemeen geschreven met de afbeelding van een hert of gewei, als (DEUS) CERVUS ("heer-hert"). De naam is mogelijk afgeleid van een woord voor "hoorn" of "gewei", maar alle etymologieën die tot nu toe zijn voorgesteld zijn problematisch. De relatie tussen Runtiya en de Kurunta wordt betwist. Sommige geleerden beweren dat de twee goden identiek zijn en reconstrueren een oudere Luwiaanse vorm van de naam, *Krunti(ya)-; anderen suggereren dat er een pre-Indo-Europese Anatolische godheid bestond die de Luwische Runtiya en de Hettitische Kurunta hadden ontwikkeld. Runtiya werd vaak aangeroepen in persoonsnamen: het oudste voorbeeld is afkomstig van Kültepe uit de 18e eeuw voor Christus, waar een man genaamd Ruwa(n)tia en een andere genaamd Ru(n)tia worden vermeld. Bij de migratie kunnen we een pad waarnemen dat leidt van Anatolië en het Hettitische Rijk naar Libanon met de Feniciërs, met een eerste monster van L14 in Rome dat eindigt in Beieren, Duitsland. Deze oude DNA-monsters zijn:

Boerderij nederzetting Camlibel Tarlasi 3623 v.Chr. tot 3386 v.Chr. met G-M406 (G2a2b1). Rundvee gemengd van schapen, geiten en varkens. Ook koperproductie, de archeologische vondsten van hertvormige beeldjes (Runtiya of Karuntiya) en een ringvormige hanger. Ook hertenoffers. 4 kinderen; 3 daarvan tussen 5 en 8 jaar en één van 3 maanden. De laatste 3 van periode II bij gebouw S21 (Paleis) en de 1e van periode IV bij gebouw S6). Bij CBT013 werd onder de schedelbotten een verbogen koperen perforator gevonden.

CBT005 3623 BC ydna G2a2b1 mtdna K1a

CBT014 3386 BC ydna G2a2b1 mtdna H5

CBT013 3526 BC ydna G2a2b1 mtdna Hv1

CBT015 3526 BC ydna G2a2b1 mtdna U3a2

Stad Arslantepe. De Hettitische koninklijke graven. 1 van deze graven, kan worden geïdentificeerd door een zegelring met de naam van de zegeleigenaar Cervus2-ti (Kuruntiya, zoon van koning Muwatalli II 1295-1273 v.Chr.), Rex van Isuwa. Op dezelfde plek, in een oudere laag uit het 4e millennium met waarschijnlijk leden van een priesterkaste uit het regionale machtscentrum van Uruk. Het gaat hierbij om twee broers en een van hun nakomelingen. ART024 3352 BC ydna G2a2b1 mtdna X21-a

ART014 3326 BC ydna G2a2b1 mtdna X21-a

ART027 3103 BC ydna G2a2b1 mtdna T1

Koninklijke Graanschuur Kalehoyuk circa 1230-1180 voor Christus. In één van de silo's werd een zegel ontdekt met de inscriptie "Cervus3-ti-wa", vertaald "(Ka)Run-ti-wa". Waarschijnlijk het zegel van prins "SAUGA - RU (WA) TI" (Sauskaruntiya), een zeer belangrijke man en lid van de koninklijke familie die door de grote Hettitische koning Tuthalya IV (regeerperiode 1250-1220 v.Chr.) werd aangesteld als gouverneur van "Titarme" Daarom kan worden aangenomen dat hij ook opzichter was van dit landgoed, die werd gedood door een speer in zijn hoofd tijdens een aanval door de Zeevolken. Naast hem elf geidentificeerde slachtoffers (waaronder kinderen) in een afgebrand gebouw, waarvan gedacht wordt dat dit een Koninklijk Paleis was. DNA Y-DNA G2a2b1, Mtdna H6a1b2c.

SFI-15 Saifi-477 176 BCE-3CE Beiroet, Libanon Fenicische/Romeinse wijnhandelaren. Begrafenis op het terrein van hun huis samen met amfora, enkelbanden (gebruikt door Fenicische zeelieden als betaalmiddel), parelkettingen. Op zijn zegel het symbool van een lituus, steenbok en een vogel die een cobra (ooievaar) doodt. Y-dna G2a2b1a mtdna I1c1. Zijn zoon; SFI-11 Saifi-477 Beiroet, Libanon 119 BCE-27 CE. Volgens de inscriptie genaamd "Loukios". Ydna G2a2b1a mtdna N1b1.

R131 Tiberius Dama (Tiberius Caseris Dama), opzichter op het Sallustiaanse landgoed. Geboren 20 n.Chr. en 37 n.Chr. Begraven 100 na Christus in de Necropoli Salaria in Rome. Volgens zijn grafschrift was hij een vrijgelaten slaaf van de Julio/Claudiaanse dynastie. Waarschijnlijk identiek of een zoon van Dama Caesaris Dionysian(us), ook genoemd als opzichter van de Sallustiaanse- en de Nieuwe Tuinen. Y-dna G-L14 (G2a2b1a1a1) mtdna T1a12. (De eerste Efeze hogepriester (89/90 n.Chr.) van Sebastoi; "Tiberius Julius Dama Claudianus", is onmogelijk te traceren omdat zijn naam in geen enkele andere bestaande bron voorkomt. Zijn naam onthult dat hij een Romeins staatsburger was. Volgens de Satires van Persius uit 60 n.Chr., een slaaf genaamd Dama (die misschien afkomstig was uit Jerash in Libanon, aangezien daar een Marcus-zoon van Dama woonde die bevrijd was van zijn meester en zichzelf noemde als Marcus Dama).

R47 Imperial Rome Centocelle (gedateerd 232 AD +/- 15 jaar). Hij werd begraven vlakbij de keizerlijke villa in Centocelle, een buitenwijk van Rome, in de necropolis waarvan hij werd begraven, genaamd Ad Duas Lauros. het gebied werd gebruikt als begraafplaats van de Equites singulares. Dit blijkt uit talrijke inscripties waarin de Equites ad Duas Lauros worden genoemd. Er wordt aangenomen dat de necropolis opzettelijk door Constantijn werd verwoest als wraak op de Equites die in de slag bij Ponte Milvio de kant van Maxentius tegen hem kozen. In dezelfde villa woonde ook de moeder van keizer Constantijn. Hoogstwaarschijnlijk Aurelius Pompeius, Eques Singularis die Aurelius Annianus (overleden in 244/247) en Aurelius Caius tot zijn erfgenamen noemden. Ydna G-M406 (G2a2b) mtdna J1c1c.

EKF 1664 en 1704 in Kletthamer Feld (Erding, Opper-Beieren) De plaatsnaam Erding of "Ariodurum (Ardeoingas)" zou vertaald kunnen worden als het landgoed van Ardeo. Een soortgelijke naam "Arbeo" vinden we onder de Huosi. Maar Ardea in het Latijn is ook een reiger. De Reiger of de Ooievaar was de standaard van Legioen III Italica die in Raetia was gestationeerd. In de kerk van Leutstetten vinden we een grafschrift uit de 1e helft van de 3e eeuw (230 n.Chr.) van Publius Iulius Pintamus en zijn vrouw "Clementia Popita (Popeia)" 180 n.Chr. (Popeia of Popia is de Gaelische vorm van de Romeinse nomen gentile "Pompeia"). Ze kwam van het nabijgelegen wegstation "Bratananium" (Pretzen), hoogstwaarschijnlijk uit de villa Rustica (uit circa 234 n.Chr.) in Altenerding. Uit het DNA van deze jongvolwassen soldaten op het Kletthamer Feld bleek dat ze volle broers waren en begraven waren bij hun zuster EFK in 1663. De inhumaties dateren uit de tweede helft van de 4e tot de eerste helft van de 5e eeuw (364 n.Chr.). De begraven personen waren leden van een militaire eenheid die met hun families begraven was. Twee van de andere mannelijke broers droegen de R1b ydna-haplogroep (EKF 1662 en EKF 1699) en zijn verwant aan de individuen in de begrafenis Altenerding. Vondst van een Romeinse fibula (kruisboogfibula), die wordt gezien als onderdeel van Romeinse militaire kleding. Ydna: G2a2b1 mtdna: T1a

BIM_37 534-548 AD Bajuwaren-krijger in Barbing-Irlmauth, ouder dan 60 jaar. Begrafenis met Spatha, riem, tas. Y-dna G2a2b2a1a1b1a1a2b1a1b mtdna T2b16

3B 580-630 n.Chr. (605 n.Chr.) Niederstotzingen. Koninklijke begrafenissen. Een individu van 50-60 jaar man. Dichtbij hem; een jonge Allemania Warrior (TNS6) in Niederstotzingen 605 n.Chr. Op grond van zijn DNA kunnen we hem tot de koninklijke familie herleiden als Leutfrid en Uncelin, Dux Allemania 587-607. Yna: R1b1b2a1a Mtdna: H65a. Deze jonge krijger lijkt verwant te zijn aan een Romeinse gladiator in York uit de 3e eeuw. De oudere individuele 3B had Ydna G2a2b1 mtdna I5b1b.

244F. Bajuwaren-krijger in Ergolding 670 n.Chr. Hij werd begraven met vijf anderen, van wie er drie broers waren van de Agilolfinger-dynastie die van Ydna R1b1b2a waren en één krijger Ydna R1b1a2a had en één andere krijger (244E) Ydna G2a had, maar niet nauw verwant was aan 244F. Waarschijnlijk zou deze persoon Gaugraf Sigibald van de Huosi kunnen zijn die een kind verwekte met "Uta", de zus van hertog Landpert van de Agilofinger-dynastie. (matched in ysearch) Ydna: G-L14 mtdna

Reigersberg

The 1st progenitor of the family "Reigersberg" was Adriaan Dircksz (1429-1477), who was born out of wedlock and lived in 1459 at the Estate "Reigersberg" in ’s Gravenzande. This Estate was the property of his halfbrother Gerrit III van Assendelft. The proginator of this family Gerrit I van Assendelft, was 1st mentioned in 1313 and in relation to legal proceedings one can presume that he was from a bastart lineage of the family "van Egmond". From some an dna research on old remains we know that the family van Assendelft had the Y-DNA group R-U106 (R1b1a1a2a1a1). They shared this dna group with; Philippus de Wasnare 1200-1205, Otto von Bentheim 1185, Daniel van Merwede and Willem II van Holland. R1b-U106 is a patrilineal descended family that appears to descend from an ancestral R1b group located among or near the Yamnaya culture, north of the Black Sea. The group rose to significance in the area of present Germany and the surrounding areas probably a bit before 3000 BC. Although U106 is found all over Europe, and in countries that Europeans have migrated to, it is most significant in Germany and surrounding countries, Scandinavia, and Britain. In its time-frame of 3000 BC, U106 likely arose in the Corded Ware culture. Depending on which branch of U106 a member descends from, the people on that branch adapted to a variety of different cultures along the way, including various derivatives of Slavic, Latin, Celtic, Belgae, Saxon, Viking, and other cultural groups. U106 is a family, not a culture.

VK87 Viking Hesselbjergmarken Denmark 875 AD. Hesselbjerg Moesgaard Museum FHM 1379, Hesselbjerg, Randlev Sogn, Hads Herred, Århus Amt Nat. Sites and Monuments no.: 15.02.11-12. Year of excavation: 1963-1970, 1997-2001 The cemetery has a distinct location on a narrow sand and gravel hill that stretches 300-400 m in a north-south direction. The surrounding landscape is flat with fertile agricultural land (UTM 574947 / 6200145). The cemetery is located approximately 1 km southeast of the parish village Over Randlev, and 3.8 km from the coast of Kattegat. The graves were positioned on the hilltop and on the east side of the hill. The graves were excavated by Moesgaard Museum in 1963-1970 and 1997-200142–44. A total of 104 graves were recovered, of which 84 were inhumations and 20 were cremations. The preservation of the skeletons varied. More or less intact skeletons were recovered from 69 graves. Over 80% of those interred in the cemetery were women. There were only limited grave goods and these were mostly personal equipment such as knives, iron belt buckles, whetstones, pottery, and a few pieces of jewelry. Only a few graves contained elaborate artefacts. A single pit contained numerous glass and amber beads and an elaborately decorated bronze gilt belt buckle. Based on the grave goods, the cemetery dates from the mid- 9th century CE to the 10th century CE. An associated building was excavated c. 200 m north-west of the cemetery. A well has been dated through dendrochronology to about 900 CE. An analysis of pollen from the bottom of the well shows that the nearby area consisted of fields for grazing animals. Samples used for DNA analysis: VK84 Denmark_Hesselbjerg Grav 3 VK86 Denmark_Hesselbjerg Grav 13 VK87 Denmark_Hesselbjerg Grav 41b, sk PC VK300 Denmark_Hesselbjerg Grav 22, sk IR VK339 Denmark_Hesselbjerg Grav 16, sk GO VK340 Denmark_Hesselbjerg Grav 5, sk V VK383 Denmark_Hesselbjerg Grav 11, sk DT VK384 Y-DNA: R-Z198 (R-U106) mtDNA: K1c2

VK289 (Grav H, sk1) Viking Age, Bødkergarden, Langeland, Denmark, 9th century AD. Bødkergarden Langelands Museum LMR 13372, Bødkgårds mark/Bødkergård, Tryggelev Sogn, Langelands Søndre Herred, Svendborg Amt. Nat. Sites and Monuments no.: 09.03.07-40. Year of excavation: 1997 Excavated by Langelands Museum in 1997. A small VA burial ground on a small hill containing five preserved inhumations. Three graves were oriented east-west and each had an iron knife as a grave good. Two adjacent graves in a north-south direction. One contained a small clay pot. Remains of settlement from the early Iron Age with postholes and pits. Burial D (adult male), southwest-northeast oriented. Cranium separate from postcranium, found adjacent to the lower part of torso. Mandible found upside down in "original head end". Buried in supine position. A knife was found underneath the skull. Grave H (adult male) right side hocker position in north-south direction with head north. Arms and legs bent. A small clay pot (14 cm diameter) next to the torso. Charcoal and burned animal bone found in fill. Entire cemetery dates broadly to 9th century CE based on the finding of buckles/pins (type P 42 after Ingmar Jansson 1985)37. Grave D: younger than grave C. Difficult to date more precisely. Grave H did not have any stratigraphy that could be related to the other graves. It was buried with a clay jar. It has also been dated to the 9th century CE. Samples used for DNA analysis: VK289 Denmark_Bodkergarden Grav H, sk 1. Y-DNA: R-U106 MtDNA: J2b1a

VK290 (Grav O) Viking Age, Kumle høje, Langeland, Denmark 10th century AD. Kumle høje Langelands Museum LMR 12845, Kumle høje, Lindelse Sogn, Langelands Sønder Herred, Svendborg Amt. Nat. Sites and Monuments no.: 09.03.04-41. Year of excavation: 1998 Excavated by Langelands Museum in 1998. VA cemetery (date to 10th century CE) with a minimum of 11 adult individuals buried (males and females). A rare double grave with two males on top of each other, one on its back and the other facing down. Another male grave with healed cranial trauma. A female grave with a 17 cm long iron knife. One male grave with broken legs (perimortem). A female grave covered with large stone slabs. The richest grave was of a female in supine position with iron artefacts, amber, and part of a bronze belt buckle. Several other male graves showed trauma. Sample used for DNA analysis: VK290 Denmark_Kumle Høje Grav O Ladby National Museum of Denmark NM 182/34, Ladby, Kølstrup Sogn, Bjerge H Y-DNA: R-FT264183/R-FT263905 (R-U106) MtDNA: I1a1

VK389 Viking age, Telemark, Nor South, Norway, 10th century AD. C23941a-f, A3697, VK389, Telemark, Skien, Bergsland (60/77 Lagmannsgårdshøyden) Topografisk: Schreinerske arkiv: Schreiner 1927: Askeladden ID: None Coordinates: EU89-UTM zone 33 N6576540 E192556 Year of excavation: 1926 The finds were made during building work, at approximately 50 cm depth, below a layer of stone slabs. There were no traces or reports of a mound on the site. The finds consisted of skeletal remains plus a spearhead of Petersen Type I, a frostnail of Type R. 591 for a horse, and a few iron fasteners. Petersen Type I spearheads date to the first half of the 10th century CE, according to Peterson54 Andrushchuk55 dates some of the sword types that occur with the Peterson Type I spearhead into the second half of that century. The grave is therefore dated to within the 10th century CE. In the Schreiner database, the skeleton is described as adult and male. Sample used for DNA analysis: VK389 Norway_Telemark 3697 Y-DNA: R-Z27210 (U106). MtDNA: T2b

VK468 Viking Age Gotland Kopparsvik Sweden 975 AD. Is related to VK232 and VK431. The grave field, which has been fully excavated, is estimated to have been approximately 120 m x 60 m and divided into two areas, a northern and a southern region (Fig. S1.2). Skeletal remains and archaeological artefacts have been collected from 330 graves. Based on the approximately 1000 archaeological artefacts, it has been possible to date the grave field to 900-1050 CE. The archaeological artefacts illustrate both Gotlandic manufacturing and traces of long distance trade. Significant finds from the settlement include crescent and ship shaped jewelry decorated with the motif of a clutching beast with four paws. There was also a sword-amulet and a Thor's hammer. No archaeological trace of settlements has been found in the vicinity of Kopparsvik, and the environment does not allow for farming. Kopparsvik has, therefore, been interpreted as a place of commerce. In connection with a research project concerning health in the skeletal material, isotopic investigations were performed on 15 individuals from Kopparsvik, at the Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University. The measuring of carbon and nitrogen isotopes allowed us an insight of how the diet of the Kopparsvik population may have looked. Were they fishermen who lived mainly on a marine diet, such as fish and seal, or were they farmers who consumed terrestrial diet, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, or terrestrial wildlife? The isotopic analysis results showed an exclusively terrestrial diet (oral report from Professor Kerstin Lidén, Stockholm University). Y-DNA: R-BY125166 (R-U106) mtDNA: H3ac

VK232 Viking Age Kopparsvik, Gotland, Sweden 900-1050 AD Y-DNA: R-Y16505 mtDNA: N1a1a1

VK431 Viking age Warrior from Frojel Gotland, Male Matches from his mother to VK182 from Greenland VK342 and VK354 from Öland (Sweden). Also related to a member from Skara under dna group J1b1a1. Excavation of the Fröjel site was initiated in the late 1980s and proceeded for many years under the management of Dr. Dan Carlsson, Centre for Baltic Sea Studies, University of Gotland. The excavations revealed the remains of both a harbour and a place of commerce, with remnants of house structures from the 500s CE to the 1180s CE (Fig. S1.3). The archaeological finds include weight scales, balances, and silver coins, mainly Arabic and German, that indicated long distance trade. Other finds included raw materials and semi- manufactured objects of metal, bone, and antler, and others that imply the presence of handicrafts (e.g. combs and needles). Vast finds of animal bones indicate animal husbandry in the area, and finds of fish net sinkers indicate that the population engaged in fishing. A VA grave field was also excavated in the area, and contained finds of jewelry and fine details of garments. It is also evident that a church was built at the site in the early 1000s CE88,89. The archaeological finds and the archaeological skeletal remains are stored at the County Museum Gotland. Y-DNA R-U106 mtdna H2a1.

Habibrahmanov

De familie Habibrahmanov hun paternal Y-DNA groep is; I2a1a2b-L621. Aangenomen wordt dat I-L621 aanwezig zou kunnen zijn in de Cucuteni-Trypillia-cultuur, maar tot nu toe werd alleen G2a gevonden , en een andere subclade I2a1a1-CTS595 was aanwezig in de Baden-cultuur van het Calcholitische Karpatenbekken. Hoewel het dominant is onder de moderne Slavische volkeren op het grondgebied van de voormalige Balkanprovincies van het Romeinse Rijk , werd het tot nu toe niet gevonden in de monsters uit de Romeinse tijd en is het bijna afwezig in de hedendaagse bevolking van Italië. Het werd gevonden in de skeletresten met artefacten, die leiders aanduiden, van Hongaarse veroveraars van het Karpatenbekken uit de 9e eeuw, een deel van de West-Euraziatisch-Slavische component van de Hongaren. Volgens Horolma et al. (2019) en Fóthi et al. (2020), de verdeling van voorouderlijke subclades zoals I-CTS10228 onder hedendaagse vervoerders duidt op een snelle expansie vanuit Zuidoost-Polen , is voornamelijk gerelateerd aan de Slaven en hun middeleeuwse migratie, en de "grootste demografische explosie deed zich voor in de Balkan". Het vroegste archeogenetische monster tot nu toe is Sungir 6 (~ 900 YBP) nabij Vladimir, Rusland, dat behoorde tot de I-S17250> I-Y5596> I-Z16971> I-Y5595> I-A16681 subclade, en I-CTS10228 en I-Y3120 subclades werden gevonden in twee Viking- monsters uit Zweden (VK53) en Oekraïne (VK542) met een overwegend Slavische afkomst waarvan de tweede toebehoort aan Gleb Svyatoslavich (11e eeuw).

Loschbour, Mesolithic, 6220 - 5990 BC Y-DNA: I2a1b (I2-L621) mtDNA: U5b1a

Nr. KEII/52 Hungarian Noble Chieftain 895 AD - 950 AD from Karos in Hungary. Probably the Chieftain "Ketel".Ketel is a legendary Magyar tribal chieftain of perhaps Kabar origin, who lived at the end of the 9th century. He was the father of Alaptolma, and the first known ancestor of the Koppán clan. According to the medieval Gesta Hungarorum, the leader of the Magyars, Árpád, donated a large estate (today the city Komarno) to Ketel along the Danube and Váh (Vág) rivers where he settled with his people. He was related as the brother or father to the warriors listed under KEII/16 and KEIII/11. They were also kin to KEIII/12 and KEIII/17 probably as cousins and in further distance related (descendents) to MH9, MH16, MH13 from Magyarhomorog, Na13 from Niemcza and SH/41 from Sarretudvari-Hizofold. Ydna: I2a1b3 (I2-L621).

VK53 / Gotland Kopparsvik 894-936 AD. Merchant. Y-DNA: I-CTS10228 mtDNA: HV9b

Nr. VK542 Gleb Svyatoslavich (c. 1052 – 30 May 1078) was Prince of Tmutarakan and Novgorod of Kievan Rus’. He ruled Tmutarakan under the overall authority of his father Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov. He was twice expelled from his principality by one of his cousins Rostislav Vladimirovich. Y-DNA: I2a1a2b1a1a (I-Y3120) Mtdna: H5a2a

Zur Oeveste

Hoewel uit de beschikbare bronnen niet onomstotelijk de afkomst van de familie “zur Oeveste” uit het geslacht “von Drehle” en de hiermee samenhangende familieconnecties kan worden bewezen, beschikken wij tegenwoordig over de mogelijkheden om middels een DNA-test de Haplogroep van een familie en diens afkomst in kaart te brengen.

Er is een mannelijke en een vrouwelijke haplogroepenindeling. Het Y-chromosoom (Y-dna) wordt gebruikt ter onderscheiding van de mannelijke haplogroepen (Y-chromosoom haplogroep en de mitochondriale DNA (mtDNA) ter onderscheiding van de vrouwelijke haplogroepen (mitochondriale haplogroep). Het X-chromosoom is niet bruikbaar aangezien het X-chromosoom weliswaar nietrecombinerend is, maar toch over meerdere generaties lastig traceerbaar. Ieder mens behoort tot een bepaald haplotype en daarmee tot een bepaalde haplogroep, zo is op basis van de genografie terug te leiden waar iemands oorsprong ligt. Des te verder de genografie zich ontwikkelt, des te preciezer dit valt vast te stellen.

Concreet kan men dus door een y-haplogroep dna test de mannelijke afstamming in kaart brengen en daarmee dus ook de geslachten welke in een mannelijke afstamming aan elkaar verwant zijn als ondersteuning van een genealogie.

Uit de testresultaten van een dergelijk onderzoek kan worden vastgesteld dat het geslacht “zur Oeveste” is ontsproten uit het geslacht “von Drehle” en dat er eveneens verwantschap bestaat met het adellijk geslacht van de Graven “von Oldenburg”, hoewel deze laatste verwantschap meer als 1000 jaar terug ligt.

De 12 markers test van het geslacht “zur Oeveste” geeft namelijk aan Haplogroep: R-M269 (R1b1a2), DYS393 13, DYS390 25, DYS19 14, DYS391 11, DYS385 11-11, DYS426 12, DYS388 12, DYS439 12, DYS389I 13, DYS392 13, DYS389II 30.

Als wij deze resultaten vergelijken met de testresultaten van het adellijk geslacht "von dem Bussche", die uit dezelfde mannelijke stam als het geslacht "von Drehle" is gesproten, dan zien wij nagenoeg dezelfde resultaten met onderscheidend DYS385 11-14 en DYS389II met 29. Uit het aantal overeenkomsten kan men concluderen dat zowel het geslacht "zur Oeveste" als het geslacht "von dem Bussche" stammen uit een gemeenschappelijke voorouder welke circa 800 jaar geleden geleefd moet hebben.

Deze genoemde testresultaten laten echter ook een overeenkomst zien met de nakomelingen uit het Huis van de Graven van Oldenburg, met wie zowel de geslachten “zur Oeveste” als “von dem Bussche” circa 1100 jaar geleden hetzelfde geslacht moet hebben gevormd.

Stamvader van het geslacht van de Graven van Oldenburg, was graaf Egilmar in Lerigau welke tussen 1040 en 1108 leefde. Hoewel niet duidelijk is wie de vader van de genoemde Graaf was, worden meestal drie geslachten hiervoor in aanmerking genomen. Namelijk de Wedegonen (nakomelingen van Hertog Widukind), de Billungen en het geslacht von Werl door de suzereniteit van Egilmar over het Alexanderstift te Wildeshausen. Dit klooster was namelijk gesticht door de kleinzoon van Hertog Widukind en in de 10e eeuw was dit reeds het eigendom van het geslacht Billung, waarna het verder vererfde op het geslacht von werl.

Hiernaast wers ook het graafschap Lerigau vanuit de Wedegonen verder vererft via vrouwelijke lijn aan de Billungen, die het vervolgens verder vererfden aan het geslacht "von Werl". Aangezien de zoon van Egilmar in 1108 reeds als Graaf van Oldenburg werd ingezet en het Graafschap Lerigau door het geslacht "von Werl" was overgenomen, mogen wij de Graven von Oldenburg vermoedelijk het Huis Billung aanrekenen.

Feitelijk maakt het echter niets uit of het voorgeslacht uit het Huis Billung of de Wedogonen zou zijn ontstaan. Aangezien de eerste uit het huis Billung; Graaf Amelung van de Bardengau (755-811) een zoon was van de Graaf Ruthard van Argengau. Deze laatst genoemde Graaf was eveneens Hertog van Beieren en de vader van Graaf Warin in de Thurgau en hiermee de grootvader van Hertog Widukind (Wedegonen).

Over Graaf Ruthard vinden wij het volgende geschreven in “A Connected Series of Notes on the Chief Revolutions of the Principal States, by Charles Butler van 1801”; A count of Bavaria, whose name is not known, and who died in 687 was sixth in succession to Guelph. He had issue two sons, Adelbert count of Bavaria and Patriarch of the marquisses of Tuscany and Ruthard, an Alemannian count. Hiermee word Ruthard zijn vader dus aangemerkt als een telg uit het huis der Agilolfings en Graaf van Beieren welke in 687 stierf.

Terugkomende op de bewijsvoering hiervan ondersteund door het DNA onderzoek, mag hierbij gewezen worden op de Bajuwaren Graftombe in Ergolding (Landhut) van circa 670 na christus. Hierbij heeft een DNA onderzoek op de 6 elite krijgers genummerd 244A, 244B, 244C, 244D, 244E en 244F plaatsgevonden. Hierbij bleken de personen 244F en 244E tot de DNA G2a haplogroup te behoren en de personen 244A, 244B, 244C en 244D tot de R1b1a2 haplogroup. Volgens de dokter die de test hiervan heeft uitgevoerd behoorden de personen onder 244A, B en C tot het Merovingian Koninklijke huis, terwijl de persoon onder 244D een gemeenschappelijke afkomst met de eerdere 3 vertoonde welke een 1500 jaar terug lag.

Opmerkelijk is echter dat de persoon onder 244D de volgende waardes heeft; R1b1a2, DYS393 13, DYS390 24, DYS19 14, DYS391 11, DYS385 11-14, DYS426 12, DYS388 12, DYS439 12, DYS389I 13, DYS392 13, DYS389II 29. Dus in het totaal 3 verschillen waarbij onze gemeenschappelijke voorouder circa 1500 jaar geleden geleeft moet hebben.

Uit de bewijzen hebben wij al kunnen concluderen dat de Graven van Oldeburg ca. 1100 jaar geleden 1 familie met ons moet hebben gevormd, de waardes van hun DNA code vertoond echter een nog kleiner verschil met de persoon onder 244D.

Op grond hiervan kunnen wij de persoon onder 244D in het Ergolding graf aanmerken als onze directe gemeenschappelijke stamvader, “de onbekende Beierse Graaf die in 687 is overleden”.

Kirk (Maxwell)

Jan Sieroversche, born on the 8th of june 1898 in Groningen as natural son of James Kirk did belong to the paternal dna group R-L21 (R1b1a2a1a2c also R1b1a2a1a1b4). They share the same paternal dna with the Maxwell Clan from Scotland. R-L21 emerged 2500 before Christ as subgroup from R-M296 in Southern Germany and migrated in 2300 before Christ to Britain. The Atlantic Celtic branch (L21) The Proto-Italo-Celto-Germanic R1b people had reached in what is now Germany by 2500 BC. By 2300 BC they had arrived in large numbers and founded the Unetice culture. Judging from the propagation of bronze working to Western Europe, those first Indo-Europeans reached France and the Low Countries by 2200 BC, Britain by 2100 BC and Ireland by 2000 BC, and Iberia by 1800 BC. This first wave of R1b presumably carried R1b-L21 lineages in great number (perhaps because of a founder effect), as these are found everywhere in western, northern and Central Europe. Cassidy et al. (2015) confirmed the presence of R1b-L21 (DF13 and DF21 subclades) in Ireland around 2000 BC. Those genomes closely resembled those of the Unetice culture autosomally, but differed greatly from the earlier Neolithic Irish samples. This confirms that a direct migration of R1b-L21 from Central Europe was responsible for the introduction of the Bronze Age to Ireland. The early split of L21 from the main Proto-Celtic branch around Germany would explain why the Q-Celtic languages (Goidelic and Hispano-Celtic) diverged so much from the P-Celtic branch (La Tène, Gaulish, Brythonic), which appears to have expanded from the later Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures. Some L21 lineages from the Netherlands and northern Germany later entered Scandinavia (from 1700 BC) with the dominant subclade of the region, R1b-S21/U106 (see below). The stronger presence of L21 in Norway and Iceland can be attributed to the Norwegian Vikings, who had colonised parts of Scotland and Ireland. Nowadays about 20% of all Icelandic male lineages are R1b-L21 of Scottish or Irish origin. In France, R1b-L21 is mainly present in historical Brittany (including Mayenne and Vendée) and in Lower Normandy. This region was repopulated by massive immigration of insular Britons in the 5th century due to pressure from the invading Anglo-Saxons. However, it is possible that L21 was present in Armorica since the Bronze age or the Iron age given that the tribes of the Armorican Confederation of ancient Gaul already had a distinct identity from the other Gauls and had maintained close ties with the British Isles at least since the Atlantic Bronze Age. According to the Stewart Stuart DNA Project House of Stuart, who ruled Scotland from 1371, then also England and Ireland from 1603 until 1707, belongs to the S781 branch of R1b-L21, downstream of DF13 (DF13/S521/CTS241) and L744. According to the Maxwell (Kirk) DNA Project they also did belong to the branch of R1b-L21, downstream; of DF13 > FGC5494 > FGC5561 > Z16503 > Z16504 > Z16502 > Z17653 > L1444.

The Maxwell's claim descent from the Ui Imair. The Uí (h)Ímair, or Dynasty of Ivar, was a royal Norse-Gael dynasty which ruled much of the Irish Sea region, the Kingdom of Dublin, the western coast of Scotland, including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England, from the mid 9th century. The dynasty lost control of York in the mid 10th century, but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times, depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants. This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine, because reliable pedigrees do not survive. Additionally, for between three and four decades, the Uí Ímair were overkings of the Kingdom of Scotland itself, distinct from the Kingdom of Strathclyde, of which they may also have been overkings, and later briefly the Irish province of Munster, dominated from Waterford, and later still, briefly the English kingdom of Mercia. In the west of Ireland, the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of Limerick, from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again. Two members are styled queens of Ireland in the Irish annals (they were also queen of Mide and queen of Munster, respectively), while another was queen of Leinster (and Osraige). In the Norse sources, another was queen of Norway. Finally, another may have been queen of Brega. The name Uí Ímair in Old Irish means "grandchildren" or descendants of Ivar, but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons. The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of Amlaíb Conung and of Auisle, and the Annals of Ulster record his obituary under the year 873, reading: Imhar, rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie, uitam finiuit ["Ivar, king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain, ended his life"]. Probably the senior leader of the Great Heathen Army, Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless (fl. 865–860), son of Ragnar Lodbrok. In any event, Uí Ímair dynasts may also have exercised power as overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain. Lineage Ui Imair - Maccuswell; Imair Gofraidson aka Ivar Ragnar Lothbrokson "the Boneless" 837-873, Sichfrith 860-888, Sitric Caech 885-927, Olaf (Amlaibh) Cuaran 918-980 married Gormflaith Murchaga O'Faelain, Sitric Olafson 970-1043 married Saine Ni Shriain, Olaf "the White" Sigtryggsson 993-1034 married Maelcorcre Dunlaing O'Tuathail, Maccus of Man 1020-1067 married Bethoc Athol, Undewyn 1055-1090 married Platitudinous, Maccus de Maccuswell 1090-1150, Herbert de Maccuswell 1140-1206. The Fragmentary Annals note of a date c. 871–872 that "In this year, i.e. the tenth year of the reign of Áed Findliath, Imar son of Gothfraid son of Ragnall son of Gothfraid Conung son of Gofraid and the son of the man who left Ireland, i.e. Amlaib, plundered from west to east, and from south to north.

Amesbury grave 1289 "Amesbury Archer", prob. King in Stonehenge 35-45 years of age; (this ancient skeleton has been studied; he was a very high-status immigrant; unfortunately it seems researchers have not yet published his Y-haplogroup). The grave contained the richest array of items ever found from this period. Around 100 objects were found, including the complete skeleton of a man, three copper knives, two small gold hair tresses, two sandstone wristguards to protect his wrists from the bow string, 16 flint arrowheads and five pots. Born: Alps (Austria, Switserland) abt. 2430 BC Died: abt. 2370 nr. Stonehenge. Next to him I2565, an individual aged 20 to 25 years. Two gold hair tresses were found lodged in mud in his jaw. Bone analysis showed he and the Archer were related and it is likely they were father and son. The younger man was raised in the Stonehenge area. Y-dna R1b-DF13 y-Haplogroup (CTS241) aka R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a (Isogg 2018), R1b1a2a1a2c1 (Isogg 2015); aka S521.

I5379, Bell Beaker, 2383 bc Canada Farm, Sixpenny Handley, Dorset, England. mtDNA: HV0+195 Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2a1a2c (R-L21)

Bellbeaker family from Yarnton Oxfordshire 2116 BC. They were burried in a U-shaped enclosure. The neonate was burried with a worked flint, beaker pottery, polished bone point, animal bones and charred plant remains. The guardian to the entrance was a 45 year old woman I2443 with mtDNA: T2c1d+152. Next to it her daughter in law of 18 years old I2446 with mtDNA: K1a26 and Children in the age of 18 months under I2445 and neonate I2447.

I2445 Bellbeaker Oxford 2116 BC. 18 months. mtDNA: X2b6 Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2a1a2c1

I2447 Bellbeaker Oxford 2116 BC. Neonate. mtDNA: K1a26 Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2a1a2c1

Hl2 Celtic-Saxon Hinxton Iron Age 54 BC Briton male between 50 and 60 years who belonged to the tribe of Trinovantes, who's King Imanuentius was killed by the warlord Cassivellaunus, and his son Mandubracius fled to the protection of Caesar in Gaul. Hinxton seems to have been a royal estate in the outskirts of Great Chesterford. The father and son were burried inside the main building. Y-dna R1b1a2a1a2c1 (R-DF13/S521/CTS241) mtdna H1ag1

Hl1 Celtic-Saxon Hinxton Iron Age 26 BC Briton male 40. His descendant must have been the 40 year old woman under HS1 in Hinxton (Hengest Farm) who died in 720 AD and carried mtdna H2a2b1. He was probably a son of Hl2. Y-dna R1b1a2a1a2c (R-DF13/S521/CTS241) mtdna K1a1b1b.

G511 Viking Chieftain, 6ft long, 35 till 40 years of age. Burial in Repton in 873 AD, next to him G295 who was probably his son or te son of his brother. He was between 17and 20 years of age and died a few week till a few years later. Both individuals had heavy cutmarks due to battle. The chieftain had cutmarks on his head but also his thighs. Probably he lost his genitals by this hit, as he received an boar's tusk between his legs as gravegood. Other gravegoods were a sword, 2 knives, an necklage with the hammer of Thor between two beets. From the strontium investigation we know that both individuals did growup at the south east of Oslo. Historians believe that these are the remains of the Viking Ivar the Boneless, one of the Kings of Dublin. Although the results of the DNA investigation are not shared yet with the public, it is already known to be te haplogroup R-L21 and related to the dna sample of VK31 at Varnhem in Skara Sweden.

SSG-A2 Sílastaðir Iceland Viking/Celtic Warrior from 935 AD. His dna matches with descendants in Donagal Ireland of the Cenel Conaill Clan who are a branch of The Northern Uí Néill. A human skeleton orientated SSW-NNE Position: lying on its right side, left arm flexed Grave-goods: spear-head (Petersen type K), knife, whetstone, jasper, strike-a-light, 2 silver coin fragments, silver-thread, iron fragment, shell fragment, bead, penannular brooch and some wood. He was burried with his horse. Probably 1 axe in grave 1 came from this individual. The lands of Sílastaðir were part of Eyjafjörður and owned by Glum in the 10th century. Glúm's grandfather, Ingjald, was a son of Helgi inn magri [is] (the Lean), the settler of Eyjafjörður, and farmed at Þverá (later the site of Munkaþverá monastery). Glúmr is the youngest son of his son Eyjólfr, and initially unpromising. After Eyjólfr's death, his second son also dies and soon after that his infant grandson, and the son's wife inherits half the farm; her father, Þorkell enn hávi [is] (the Tall), and his son Sigmundr take the half where the house is and start to encroach on the half where Glúmr and his widowed mother Astrid live. Glúmr killed Sigmundr who was burried nearby. Thorkell the Tall was a prominent member of the Jomsviking order and a notable lord. He was a son of the Scanian chieftain Strut-Harald, and a brother of Jarl Sigvaldi, Hemingr and Tófa. Thorkell was a descendant of Ragnar Lothbrok by his son Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye. Thorkell was the chief commander of the Jomsvikings and the legendary stronghold Jomsborg, on the Island of Wollin. Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2a1a2c1 (R-L21) Mtdna: J1c3g

KNS-A1 male warrior 35-40 years old at Karlsnes, South, Iceland. Grave goods included a spearhead, a knife, two lead weights, three beads, and a small stone. In the old Norse History it is told that in the year 1026 AD, Thore Hund, who was the vassal of King Olaf the Holy, lived on Biarkøe, known most of all of the murder he committed on Karl af Langøe, with whom he was the father in Biarmefærd, he fled the country to King Knud in England. Y-DNA: R-Z290 mtDNA: H5

VK31 (grave 194) Viking Warrior in Varnhem, Skara, Sweden. His burial next to the wall of the church on the North side. He was an member of ruling family of Katagard in Varhem. Probably the husband from VK303 (grave 27) dated 1050 AD and identified as Kata, wife of Katall. Mtdna T2a1b1a1. On her tomb an gravestone with rune inscription. The inscription reads: x"katil : karþi * stan : þinsi aftR * katu kunu sina sustur þurils" × (Kätill made this stone after Kata his wife sister of Torgil). Kattil (Katall/Kettil) was a cousin of Thorkel the Tall and shared the same paternal lineage of his wife as an descendent of Ragnar Lothbrok. Y-DNA: R-L21 mtDNA: I4a.

VK405 (grave 83) Viking Warrior in Varnhem, Skara, Sweden. On the outer boundery of the graveyard of the pagan villagers who surrounded him. Probabky the father of VK31. Y-DNA: R-L21 mtDNA: K1a10

Italiaans/Moors Dna

In our ancestry we also carry an paternal y-dna group; "E1b1b1a1b1a (E-V13)". Two of the proven ancestors of mine under identificatie numbers I12029 and R1219 also carried E-V13. The Haplogroup E-V13 is the only lineage that reaches the highest frequencies out of Africa. For many years the vast majority of academics have assumed that E-V13 and other E1b1b lineages came to the Balkans from the southern Levant via Anatolia during the Neolithic, and that the high frequency of E-V13 was caused by a founder effect among the colonisers. It has been calculated that E-V13 emerged from E-M78 some 7,800 years ago, when Neolithic farmers were advancing into the Balkans and the Danubian basin. Furthermore, all the modern members of E-V13 descend from a common ancestor who lived approximately 5,500 years ago, and all of them also descend from a later common ancestor who carried the CTS5856 mutation. That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. There are at least three distinct sources of E-V13 in Italy. The first would be the Bronze Age Italic tribes from Central Europe, who in all logic would have possessed at least some E-V13 lineages before they invaded the Italian peninsula. Proto-Italics would have been a predominantly R1b-U152 tribe, but also carried a minority of E-V13, G2a-L140 (L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades) and J2a1-L70 (PF5456 and Z2177 subclades). The second would be the ancient Greeks, who heavily colonized southern Italy from the 9th century BCE until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BCE. The third are the Goths. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. But that percentage very certainly increased after spending several centuries in Central and Southeast Europe and assimilating Proto-Slavs and Balkanic people before invading Italy. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula.

Ancestral maingroup E-M78 TAF009 till TAF015 concerns seven individuals of one family, found at the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in Eastern Morocco and dated between 15.100 and 13.900 years ago. TAF010, TAF011, TAF013 were clearly brothers who carried y-dna E-M78 and mtdna U6a7b. TAF012 could be their mother or sister with mtdna U6a7, who was burried with a shell necklace. The other 3 males also carried the paternal E-M78, the maternal line of TAF009 was U6a6b, of TAF014 was M1b and of TAF015 was U6a1b. Maingroup E-V13

R107 Male individual in the Crypta Balbi 500-600 AD. This individual was burried at the sewer of the Theatre Balbi at the same time together with 6 other individuals, from whom 2 were female and 1 was a child of 5 years old. Most of the heads seams smashed and only pottery shaped like a vase (presumably a wine container) was placed as gravegood. None of these individuals were related and came from diverent parts of the world like Swiss, France, Venice, Hungarian and North Africa. As these individus were burried in part of the Theatre itself, it looks like they were part of an Acting group who were burried hastly by a surviving member. As the Theatre Balbi was restored again between 507 and 511 by King Theodoric, we can presume that these individuals died after this time. Most probably they did fall victim during the Siege of Rome in 537-538 AD. Due to the gender and ages of these individuals we also can presume they performed Roman Comedy from Plautius, what later would become Commedia dell'arte. Our individual his dna shows a paternal (Visi)Goth background and a maternal Algerian background. His paternal dna shows relationship to an individual burried in Girona under I12031. mtDNA: T2h Y-DNA: E1b1b1a1b1a

I12031 Visigoth Girona 671 AD (500-600 AD), from mothers side of Slavic descent. No gravegoods and just a simple grave. He was 1st degree relative of I12029 (probably his father). Ydna: E1b1b1a1b1a Mtdna: H1e2 I12029 Visigoth warrior Girona 671 AD (500-600 ad), from mothers side of Spanish descent. It seems that he was a Soldier of the Royal Fortress in Girona who lost his life together with his father I12031. He was burried with 1 Bronze Belt Bucle of 2 pieces and a iron knife. It seems that he was an Soldier of the Royal Fortress in Girona. Ydna: E1b1b1a1b1a mtdna U5a1a1d

I10853 named a Muslim warrior at Sant Julia de Ramis in Girona wo lived between 989 and 1153 AD (990 +/- 30). Who than died before 1019 as the Catholic Church is from that time.The necropolis of Sant Julià de Ramis is located on the top of the mountain of the same name. The first stable habitat established in this place was an Iberian Iron Age settlement in the mid/second half of the 6th century BCE. When it was abandoned, a small rural establishment was constructed at the bottom of the mountain that survived, with successive alterations, until the mid-4th century CE. This period coincided with the building of a large fort on the top of the mountain, whose strategic situation should be considered in light of the fact that it was adjacent to the Via Augusta and close to the city of Gerunda. Even when the Western Roman Empire fell, the fort was not deserted. Instead, it underwent extensive remodeling. Subsequently, in association with the fort, a group of houses were built on top of the mountain and over time were organized around a chapel built in the same period.The Muslim conquest of the area at the beginning of the 8th century led to the abandonment of the fort which rapidly became a ruin, as described in documentary sources from the 9th century CE. However, the archaeological excavations completed to date have revealed that in the second half/end of the 8th century, a cemetery developed around the chapel that would be in use until the start of the 21st century. The vitality of the place, which became the center of a parish in the medieval period, is further reflected in the construction of a new church at the end of the 10th century-start of the 11th century, dedicated to Sant Julià. Ydna E1b1b1a1b1a mtdna U4a1

R59 Male from the Italian Village Villa Magna who lived between 820 - 990 AD (Died after 976). A document from the year 976 tells about the foundation of the Monastery San Pietro by 3 noblesse from Anagni. This Monastery was destroyed in 1297 by Pope Bonifatius VIII. The remains are used as fortifications for a small garrison. In the documents named as castrum in 1301 and 1333. The fortification was destroyed in 1378 as it did belong to Onorato Caetani. In a document from 1478 it is called an ruïne (castrum dirutum). Y-dna E-V13 mtdna N1b1a.

R53 Individual (Knight) from the village Villa Magna who died between 1280-1430 AD (1378 AD), who was found together with two others under the belltower of Villa Magna. Maybe his life reflects the legend to the crest of the family Belli from Masanti. Where Moors, 3 brothers named Belli were surrounded at a tower by angry foes of their Lord. One of those brothers escaped the tower and became proginator of family Belli and the others were killed. Due to this the remaining brother carried 3 heads of Moors in his crest. Y-dna E-M78 (E-V13) mtdna U2e1c1.

R1219 An individual who died before 1485 AD in the 2sd part of the XVth century in Rome. As he was burried inside the antique Basilica di San Lorenzo in Damaso, his grave became part of the newly build Palazzo della Cancelleria between 1489-1513. As he was burried inside the Church itself and close to the Choir we can conclude his higher status in society. Before the bodies were recovered, all the tombstones had already been removed in an earlier period. It are the 15th century tombstones of Angelino Sellaro, Lady Antonella de Fiorucio who died in 1419, Gione Tornere (nicknamed Mersai) who died 1464, Mister de Iacobelli (nicknamed Rocchini) and Lady Simone de Luccha. Related to the later familyname "Belli" one could believe it are the remains of this "Iacobelli". Next to this we know that this nickname "(ma)Rocchini" was used by a family that lived at in Villa Magna, An century later we find the family Iacobelli involved in the Roman theatre as playwriters Y-dna E-V13 mtdna H11a.

Rohan his Archeogenetic Ancestry

The results on maternal lines are based on the Autosomal DNA test. Autosomal tests mostly result in a large amount of DNA matches (other test persons that an individual may be related to), along mixed male and female lines, each match with an estimated distance in the family tree. Due to the fact that by this test all ancestors and their offspring of an individual are presented, such autosomal tests are also used in estimating the ethnic mix.

As my questions concerned my own ancestry, the ethnic mixture and that of my wife, we decided with his consent that our son would do the test this time. The birthdaygift from my wife and son on the 3rd of february 2020 and examined by Myheritage.

Regarding the ethnic mixture the test results showed in general that our son could be styled European for 76,4% with 23,2% relating to North and West European, 11,3% English, 9,2% Finnish, 9,1% Irish and 23,4% East-European. For 23,6% he could be styled Asian with 14,9% Central Asian, 6,8% West-Asian and 1,9% Inuit or Eskimo. In these results the Inuit mixture looks like a hoax, however the male Inuit population carry mostly Y-DNA Q, what they share with native Americans and some Mongolian tribes. This could be proof of the Mongolian blue spot what is carried by my wife and children. In these results however it's not clear why one dna group counts more than others. As this results are based of DNA results with far related cousins in a total of 5256 matches and only 1 individual is listed as Eskimo, what made this dna group count for 0,01%. Also the opposite is the case, for Italy we find 204 people who should count for 3,9% but are counted only for 0% in the ethnic mixture. Based on this total of 5256 matches and the individals related to their country it maybe shows an more accurate picture. For East europian (Tatar) 7,6%, Dutch/German 18,56%, English 17%, Finnish 4%, Irish 12,6%, Central Asia, 1,5%, West-Asian 0,5%, Inuit 0,01%, Scandinavian 19,6%, Balkan 5%, Baltic 4,1%, Iberian (Spanish) 3,1%, Italian 3,9%, Jewish 0,72%, South-Asian 0,6%, Sardinia 0,3%, African (Berber 0,79%), Chinese 0,2%, Mongolian 0,08%, Japan 0,04%, Middle Eastern (Turkey) 0,04%.

In my opinion it is remarkable that a percentage of African DNA did show up. In this test i found it also remarkable that it did support the ancestral paper trail partly on both sides, by finding DNA matches to people (far related cousins) with a similar written ancestry. Only the high percentage of Irish and English DNA came as a suprise.

The next remarkable aspect to this autosomal test was that it also could be used by other organisations like "mytrueancestry". This organisation is specialized in matching the DNA results with ancient DNA samples from Archeologic Research and based on those findings they name the general ethnic mixture of a Ancestry. In these results were no Romans, Egyptians or people from Ancient Greece present. In general based on the majority of these results my son was named from both sides "Scythian" with as percentages for Gaul 13%, Thuringii (bajuwar, aleman)18%, Scythian 21%, Sarmatian 23% and for the hungarian conquerors 25%. The Scythians were a confederacy of different tribes to whom; Alani, Gelonians, Budini, Saka, Sarmatians, Roxolani, Lazyges, Massagetae and various other groups of the Forest steppe did belong. The final conclussion from this research was that our son from both his parents was related to a Warrior who died in the Ukraine in 600 BC and who did belong to the tribe of the Gelonians (Heloni) who lived in North West Scythia. Next tho this also other ancestral matches came up that are described below.

Ust'-Ishim, no context, 43 000 BC Y-DNA: K(xLT) mtDNA:

R* Kostenki 14, Aurignacian culture, 35 000 BC Y-DNA: С-M130, C1b mtDNA: U2

Loschbour, Mesolithic, 6220 - 5990 BC Y-DNA: I2a1b (I2-L621) mtDNA: U5b1a

Nr. 0012, Motala_HG, Swedish Mesolithic, 6000~5500 BC. Y-DNA: I2c2 Mtdna: U2e1

Nr. NE-1 I4188, Alföld Linear Pottery Tiszadob-Bükk, 5300-5060 BC. mtDNA: U5b2c

Nr. I0018, LBK Stuttgart 5310-5076 BC. mtDNA: T2c1b

Nr. DEB34II Adult male from Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) in Derenburg Meerenstieg who died in 5112 BC. Ydna: G2a3

Czech Bilina_N_Baalberge CWC 3600 BC mtDNA: H2a1

I2445 Bellbeaker Oxford 2116 BC. 18 months. mtDNA: X2b6 Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2a1a2c1

I2447 Bellbeaker Oxford 2116 BC. Neonate. mtDNA: K1a26 Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2a1a2c1

Western Pomerania Unetice 1860 BC mtDNA: U4b1a3 Nr. BR-2, Kyjatice Culture, Hungary 1270-1110 BC. Y-DNA:: J2a1 mtDNA: K1a1a

Nr. IR-1 Hungary Iron Age male child from the pre-Scythian Mezőcsát Culture who died ca 900 BC in Ludas-Varjú-dűlő. Regarding his dna he was of Mongoloid Origin. Ydna: N2 Mtdna: G2a1

Nr. MJ-16, Western Scythian Archer 788-413 BC in Medvyn. Findings two bronze arrowheads. Y-DNA: J2a8-B437 mtDNA: T2b

Nr. MJ-13 Western Scythian, 751-405 BC in Kupievakha. mtDNA: H11b1

Nr. MJ-35: Western Scythian, 751-405 BC in Kupievakha. Y-DNA: Q1c-L332 mtDNA: X4 Nr. MJ32 Cimmerian Outlier Ukraine (600 BC) Ydna: R1a2c Mtdna: U2e2

Nr. SCY009 Scythian Warrior of the Starosillya kurgan group, who died 600 BC. He and his family were burried with a a deep scoop, a miniature pot, a round spindle, a bronze nail pin, a ladle, a cup, two bronze pins, glass beads, paste, ceramics and lead, a ceramic spindle and a bronze pendant in the form of a ring. In addition, remains of dyes of bright red color were found in this burial. Scythians (specifically scy006, scy009, scy010) who lived between 600 – 290 BC about those areas described by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484 – 425 BC) and the first century Romano-Jewish historian Titus Flavius Josephus (c. 34 – 100 CE) et al. who wrote of the forest-steppe Royal Scythian Helon tribes. The Gelonians are actually Greek in their origins, descended from Hellenes who moved from their trading posts and settled among the Boudinoi. Their language is part Scythian, part Greek. There is a city among them called Gllelonos (Herodotus IV, 108). Ydna: R1b1a1a2 Mtdna J2b1a6

Nr. scy006 Scythian, 800 - 400 BCE in Starosilla. MtDNA: D4j2

Nr. scy009 Scythian, 800 - 400 BCE in Starosilla. Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2 mtDNA: J2b1a6

Nr. scy010 Scythian, 800 - 400 BCE in Starosilla. mtDNA: N1b1a

Nr. scy301 Scythian, 400 - 200 BCE in Glinoye. Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2 mtDNA: U5b2a3

Nr. MJ-34, Western Scythian, 380-203 BC (290 BC) in Kolomak. Y-DNA: R1a2c-Z93 mtDNA: W3a1

Nr. MJ-46, Western Scythian, 363-163 BC (270 BC) in Nikopol. mtDNA: J1d6 Sarmatian Black Sea 50 AD mtDNA: U2e1h

Nr. 6DRIF-21 Roman/Celt Soldier or Gladiator in York 250 AD, younger than 46 years. Decapitated and loads of injururies. Probably of middle eastern descent. Ydna: R1b1a2a1a2c2 Mtdna: J1c3e2

Nr. EKF 1664 and 1704 young adult soldiers Kletthamer Feld (Erding, Upper Bavaria).There dna showed they were full brothers and burried with their sister EFK 1663. The inhumations are dated to the second half of the 4th to the first half of the 5th century (364 AD). The buried individuals were the members of a military unit interred with their families. Two of the other male brothers carried the R1b ydna haplogroup (EKF 1662 and EKF 1699) and are related to the individuals in the burial Altenerding. Finding of a Roman fibula (crossbow fibula), which is seen as part of Roman military clothing. Ydna: G2a Mtdna: T1a

Nr. AED_1108 Bajuwaren Chiefs wife. Age above 60 years in Altenerding 420 AD from the tribe of Huns (regarding her Artificial cranial deformation), who's husband (nr AED_106) and children had ydna R1b1b2a1a and mtdna V3)and her brother of 60 years had I1 (i-m253). She was probably the grandmother of Duke Agilolf who's name was "Merca", as Altenerding was a Crown Domain of the Agilolfinger family. Burried with spatha, belt, bag, vessel, glass. Mtdna: U4a2a

Nr. STR_316 Alemannic Bavarian Warrior (495 AD) from the graveyard at Straubing- Bajuwarenstrasse is located on the river Danube directly at the border of the former Roman province Raetia II. The graves are from the 5th to 7th century AD. This individual was a 40-60 year old male buried with a belt, bag and vessel. 2 bow brooches, 2 eagle brooches, beads, chatelaine Ydna: R1b1b2a1a Mtdna: H3

Nr. I12031 Visigoth Soldier Girona 550 AD, from mothers side of Slavic descent. He was burried with 1 Bronze Belt Bucle of 2 pieces and a iron knife. It seems that he was a Soldier of the Royal Fortress in Girona who lost his life together with his regiment in the civil war for his King Agila I. Ydna: E1b1b1a1b1a Mtdna: H1e2

Nr. SZ42 Lombard Germanic adolescent warrior who was burried with his brother (SZ41) at Szólád in Hungary and died in battle. Although he was dated in 590 AD, science could tell that he did not growup at Szólád and must have migrated together with their King Wacho in 526/540 when he was 10 years. He probably died in 552 at the Battle of Asfeld. The daughter Waldrada of King Wacho married during that time with Garibald of the Bajuwaren. Ydna: R1b1a1a2a1a2 Mtdna: K2a6

Nr. NS6. Young allemania Warrior in Niederstotzingen 605 AD. Due to his dna we can conclude him to the Royal family as Leutfrid and Uncelin, Dux Allemania 587-607. Ydna: R1b1b2a1a Mtdna: H65a

Nr. KFP/31 Avar Noble from Kunpeszer Felsopeszer in Hungary 630-650/660 AD. The name of both places refer to a King "Peszer". Probably identical with Khan Batbayan (who died 690) (also known as Bayan or Boyan, Bezmer or Bezmes, Bazmei + an) who was the eldest son of Khagan Kubrat. After Kubrat, Batbayan ruled from Poltava the Old Great Bulgaria, the lands north of the Black and Azov Sea. Ydna: N1a1a1a1a3 Mtdna: ? (KFP/6 probably his brother U5b2a1a).

Nr. 244F. Bajuwaren warrior in Ergolding 670 AD. He was burried with 5 others, from whom 3 were brothers of the Agilolfinger Dynasty who were of Ydna R1b1b2a and 1 warrior had Ydna R1b1a2a and one other warrior had Ydna G2a but was not closely related to 244F. Probably this individual could be Gaugraf Sigibald of the Huosi who conceived a child with "Uta" the sister of Duke Landpert of Agilofinger Dynasty. Ydna: G2a3a1-L14

Nr. SSG-A2 Iceland Viking/Celtic Warrior 935 AD. His dna matches with descendants in Donagal Ireland of the Cenel Conaill Clan who are a branch of The Northern Uí Néill. Y-DNA: R1b1a1a2a1a2c1 Mtdna: J1c3g

Nr. M1 Gaotang Wang, Korguz, the fifth chief of the Ongüd tribe, who were good allies of Kublai Khan. Korguz married two granddaughters of Kublai Khan and fought against Kaidu, whose protégé, Duwa, captured and killed him in 1298. His son reburied him in 1311 at Shuzhuanglou. Ydna: Q-M242 Mtdna: D4m2

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